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Units of Measurement
Explore all the units of measurement, their history and uses.
Article programme
0 of 191 unit dossiers rebuilt.
Every unit below already has a dossier with its value, basis and uncertainty. The article programme rewrites each dossier to a fuller standard: a measured or defined value, its attested range, the objects and texts behind it, and its place in its own system. The first to be rebuilt is the Egyptian royal cubit (Giza).
| Block | Rebuilt |
|---|---|
| U1Length: Egyptian | 0 / 17 |
| U2Length: Greek | 0 / 7 |
| U3Length: Roman | 0 / 7 |
| U4Length: Mesopotamian | 0 / 3 |
| U5Length: other ancient | 0 / 2 |
| U6Length: modern reference | 0 / 7 |
| U7Area: Egyptian and classical | 0 / 16 |
| U8Area: modern | 0 / 5 |
| U9Mass: ancient | 0 / 29 |
| U10Mass: historic British and modern | 0 / 13 |
| U11Capacity: ancient | 0 / 21 |
| U12Capacity: historic British | 0 / 12 |
| U13Capacity: modern servings | 0 / 26 |
| U14Time | 0 / 26 |
Temples and sites9 / 29
Case studies8 / 10
Unit dossiers0 / 191
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17 OF 230 PAGES · UNITS 0 OF 191
Unit dossiers 0 / 191First unit Egyptian royal cubit (Giza)
Visual upgrades: 0 / 191 units. The full plan also covers evidence, converters, site quality, measurement and reader discovery across 9 phases. See the whole project →
Weight converter · 42 units
Weight units
Mass standards from Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Persian, early imperial Chinese, and Mauryan Indian systems, plus exact modern anchors.
mgModern metricInternational · SI unitmilligramSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative0.001 gBasisdefined; exact confidencegModern metricInternational · SI unitgramSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative1 gBasisdefined; exact confidencekgModern metricInternational · SI base unitkilogramSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative1000 gBasisdefined; exact confidencetModern metricInternational · SI accepted unitmetric tonneSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative1000000 gBasisdefined; exact confidencegrModern customaryInternational · International pound definitionavoirdupois grainSource: NIST SI units: massRepresentative0.06479891 gBasisdefined; exact confidencegr tTroy weightInternational · Modern exact troy relationshiptroy grainSource: NIST SI units: massRepresentative0.06479891 gBasisone-5760th-troy-pound; exact confidencedwtTroy weightInternational · 24 troy grainspennyweightSource: NIST SI units: massRepresentative1.55517384 gBasistwenty-four-troy-grains; exact confidenceoz tTroy weightInternational · 480 troy grainstroy ounceSource: NIST SI units: massRepresentative31.1034768 gBasistwenty-pennyweights; exact confidencelb tTroy weightInternational · 12 troy ouncestroy poundSource: NIST SI units: massRepresentative373.2417216 gBasistwelve-troy-ounces; exact confidencectModern metricInternational · Defined metric caratmetric carat (mass)Source: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative0.2 gBasistwo-hundred-milligrams; exact confidencelb TowerMedieval EnglishEngland · 5400-modern-troy-grain reconstructionTower pound (medieval English representative)Source: British Weights and Measures in the Laws of EnglandRepresentative349.914114 gBasismoney-pound-reconstruction; medium confidenceozModern customaryInternational · International pound definitionavoirdupois ounceSource: NIST SI units: massRepresentative28.34952313 gBasisdefined; exact confidencelbModern customaryInternational · International pound definitionavoirdupois poundSource: NIST SI units: massRepresentative453.59237 gBasisdefined; exact confidencedbnEgyptianEgypt · Old and Middle KingdomEgyptian deben (Old and Middle Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, weightRepresentative13.6 gBasisinscribed-weight-cluster; medium confidence1/12 dbnEgyptianEgypt · Old and Middle KingdomEgyptian shematy (Old and Middle Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, weightRepresentative1.133333333 gBasisone-twelfth-deben; medium confidenceqdtEgyptianEgypt · New Kingdom, about 1550 to 1069 BCEEgyptian qedet (New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, weightRepresentative9.1 gBasisone-tenth-new-kingdom-deben; medium confidence1/12 dbnEgyptianEgypt · New KingdomEgyptian shematy (New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, weightRepresentative7.583333333 gBasisone-twelfth-new-kingdom-deben; medium confidencedbnEgyptianEgypt · New Kingdom, about 1550 to 1069 BCEEgyptian deben (New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, weightRepresentative91 gBasisten-qedet-system; medium confidencešeMesopotamianSouthern Mesopotamia · Ur III to Old Babylonian representativeMesopotamian grainSource: British Museum Mesopotamian weightRepresentative0.0466 gBasisone-180th-shekel-artefact-mean; high confidencešiqluMesopotamianSouthern Mesopotamia · Ur III to Old Babylonian representativeMesopotamian shekelSource: British Museum Mesopotamian weightRepresentative8.4 gBasisartefact-mean; high confidencemanûMesopotamianSouthern Mesopotamia · Ur III to Old Babylonian representativeMesopotamian minaSource: British Museum Mesopotamian weightRepresentative504 gBasissixty-shekels; high confidencebiltuMesopotamianSouthern Mesopotamia · Ur III to Old Babylonian representativeMesopotamian talentSource: British Museum Mesopotamian weightRepresentative30200 gBasissixty-minas; high confidenceobolGreek: AtticAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic obolSource: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative0.718 gBasisone-sixth-attic-drachma; medium confidencedrGreek: AtticAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic drachma (mass)Source: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative4.31 gBasisattic-weight-standard; medium confidencemnaGreek: AtticAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic minaSource: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative431 gBasisone-hundred-drachmas; medium confidencetal.Greek: AtticAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic talentSource: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative25860 gBasissixty-minas; medium confidencedrGreek: AeginetanAegina and trading sphere · Archaic to Classical representativeAeginetan drachma (mass)Source: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative6.1 gBasisaeginetan-weight-standard; medium confidencemnaGreek: AeginetanAegina and trading sphere · Archaic to Classical representativeAeginetan minaSource: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative610 gBasisone-hundred-drachmas; medium confidencetal.Greek: AeginetanAegina and trading sphere · Archaic to Classical representativeAeginetan talentSource: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative36600 gBasissixty-minas; medium confidencescrip.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman scrupulum (mass)Source: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative1.137 gBasisone-288th-libra; high confidencedrRomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman drachma (mass)Source: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative3.411 gBasisone-96th-libra; high confidenceunciaRomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman uncia (mass)Source: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative27.2875 gBasisone-twelfth-libra; high confidencelibraRomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman libraSource: Smith Dictionary PonderaRepresentative327.45 gBasisartefact-and-literary-standard; high confidencešiqluAchaemenid PersianPersian Empire · Achaemenid period, 550 to 330 BCEAchaemenid shekel standardSource: Encyclopaedia Iranica, weights and measuresRepresentative8.33 gBasisinscribed-weight-standard; high confidencekaršaAchaemenid PersianPersian Empire · Achaemenid period, 550 to 330 BCEAchaemenid karshaSource: Encyclopaedia Iranica, weights and measuresRepresentative83.3 gBasisten-shekels; high confidencetal.Achaemenid PersianPersian Empire · Achaemenid period, 550 to 330 BCEAchaemenid-Babylonian talentSource: Encyclopaedia Iranica, weights and measuresRepresentative30250 gBasisinscribed-Susa-lion-weight; high confidenceliangEarly imperial ChineseChina · Qin to Western Han representativeQin-Han liangSource: Cambridge Early China metrology studyRepresentative15.625 gBasisone-sixteenth-representative-jin; medium confidencejinEarly imperial ChineseChina · Qin to Western Han representativeQin-Han jinSource: Cambridge Early China metrology studyRepresentative250 gBasisarchaeological-weight-range; medium confidencerattiAncient IndianIndian subcontinent · Mauryan-period representativeMauryan rattiSource: Indian National Science Academy, weighing devicesRepresentative0.1215 gBasisseed-weight-reconstruction; low confidencemāṣaAncient IndianIndian subcontinent · Mauryan-period representativeMauryan mashaSource: Indian National Science Academy, weighing devicesRepresentative0.972 gBasiseight-ratti-system; low confidencepurāṇaAncient IndianIndian subcontinent · Mauryan-period representativeMauryan purana or dharanaSource: Indian National Science Academy, weighing devicesRepresentative3.888 gBasisthirty-two-ratti-system; low confidencekará¹£aAncient IndianIndian subcontinent · Mauryan-period representativeMauryan karshaSource: Indian National Science Academy, weighing devicesRepresentative9.72 gBasiseighty-ratti-system; low confidence
Time converter · 26 units
Time units
Fixed intervals from Egyptian and Mesopotamian schematic calendars, Greek and Roman astronomical hours, Indian astronomical divisions, and the Maya Long Count.
sModern SIInternational · SI base unitsecondSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative1 sBasisdefined; exact confidenceminModern civilInternational · Current civil timeminuteSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative60 sBasissixty-seconds; exact confidencehModern civilInternational · Current civil timehourSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative3600 sBasissixty-minutes; exact confidencedModern civilInternational · Current civil timedaySource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative86400 sBasistwenty-four-hours; exact confidencewkModern civilInternational · Current civil timeweekSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative604800 sBasisseven-days; exact confidenceswEgyptian civil calendarEgypt · Pharaonic civil calendarEgyptian civil daySource: UCL Digital Egypt, calendarRepresentative86400 sBasisday-count-comparison; high confidencedecanEgyptian civil calendarEgypt · Pharaonic civil calendarEgyptian ten-day periodSource: UCL Digital Egypt, calendarRepresentative864000 sBasisten-days; high confidenceꜣbdEgyptian civil calendarEgypt · Pharaonic civil calendarEgyptian civil monthSource: UCL Digital Egypt, calendarRepresentative2592000 sBasisthirty-days; high confidenceı͗trwEgyptian civil calendarEgypt · Pharaonic civil calendarEgyptian civil seasonSource: UCL Digital Egypt, calendarRepresentative10368000 sBasisfour-thirty-day-months; high confidencernptEgyptian civil calendarEgypt · Pre-Alexandrian civil calendarEgyptian civil yearSource: UCL Digital Egypt, calendarRepresentative31536000 sBasistwelve-months-plus-five-epagomenal-days; high confidencegešMesopotamianMesopotamia · Ur III and Old Babylonian conventional divisionMesopotamian gešSource: Ancient Mesopotamian units overviewRepresentative240 sBasisone-360th-day; medium confidencedannaMesopotamianMesopotamia · Ur III and Old Babylonian conventional divisionMesopotamian watchSource: Ancient Mesopotamian units overviewRepresentative7200 sBasisone-twelfth-day; medium confidenceituMesopotamianMesopotamia · Scribal schematic calendarMesopotamian schematic monthSource: Ancient Mesopotamian units overviewRepresentative2592000 sBasisthirty-days-not-observed-lunation; medium confidencemuMesopotamianMesopotamia · Scribal schematic calendarMesopotamian schematic yearSource: Ancient Mesopotamian units overviewRepresentative31104000 sBasisthree-hundred-sixty-days-not-intercalated-calendar; medium confidencehōraGreek astronomicalGreek world · Hellenistic astronomical conventionGreek equinoctial hourSource: Smith Dictionary HoraRepresentative3600 sBasisone-twenty-fourth-day; high confidencehoraRoman astronomicalRoman world · Late antique astronomical and calendar useRoman equinoctial hourSource: Smith Dictionary HoraRepresentative3600 sBasisone-twenty-fourth-day; high confidencenundinumRoman calendarRoman world · Republican and early Imperial useRoman nundinal cycleSource: Smith Dictionary Hora and calendar referenceRepresentative691200 sBasisinclusive-eight-day-market-cycle; medium confidencevipalaClassical Indian astronomicalIndian subcontinent · Classical and early-modern astronomical conventionIndian vipalaSource: Archaeological Survey of India observatory guideRepresentative0.4 sBasisone-sixtieth-vinadi; high confidencevināḍīClassical Indian astronomicalIndian subcontinent · Classical and early-modern astronomical conventionIndian vinadi or palaSource: Archaeological Survey of India observatory guideRepresentative24 sBasissixty-vipala; high confidenceghaṭīClassical Indian astronomicalIndian subcontinent · Classical and early-modern astronomical conventionIndian ghatiSource: Archaeological Survey of India observatory guideRepresentative1440 sBasissixty-vinadi; high confidencemuhūrtaClassical Indian astronomicalIndian subcontinent · Classical and early-modern astronomical conventionIndian muhurtaSource: Archaeological Survey of India observatory guideRepresentative2880 sBasistwo-ghati; high confidencek'inMaya Long CountMesoamerica · Classic Maya Long CountMaya k'inSource: Smithsonian Living Maya TimeRepresentative86400 sBasisone-day; high confidenceuinalMaya Long CountMesoamerica · Classic Maya Long CountMaya uinalSource: Smithsonian Living Maya TimeRepresentative1728000 sBasistwenty-kin; high confidencetunMaya Long CountMesoamerica · Classic Maya Long CountMaya tunSource: Smithsonian Living Maya TimeRepresentative31104000 sBasiseighteen-uinal; high confidencekatunMaya Long CountMesoamerica · Classic Maya Long CountMaya katunSource: Smithsonian Living Maya TimeRepresentative622080000 sBasistwenty-tun; high confidencebaktunMaya Long CountMesoamerica · Classic Maya Long CountMaya baktunSource: Smithsonian Living Maya TimeRepresentative1.24416e+10 sBasistwenty-katun; high confidence
Liquid converter · 58 units
Liquid units
Capacity standards including a corrected Egyptian khar chronology, Greek and Roman measures, and modern serving and cask systems.
mLModern metricInternational · SI accepted unitmillilitreSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative0.001 LBasisdefined; exact confidenceLModern metricInternational · SI accepted unitlitreSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative1 LBasisdefined; exact confidencem³Modern metricInternational · SI derived unitcubic metreSource: BIPM SI BrochureRepresentative1000 LBasisdefined; exact confidenceUS galModern US customaryUnited States · Current international-inch definitionUS liquid gallonSource: NIST Handbook 44 Appendix CRepresentative3.785411784 LBasisdefined; exact confidenceimp galModern imperialUnited Kingdom and legacy use · Weights and Measures Act 1985imperial gallonSource: UK Weights and Measures Act 1985Representative4.54609 LBasisdefined; exact confidencehinEgyptianEgypt · Old and Middle Kingdom representativeEgyptian hinSource: UCL Digital Egypt volume measuresRepresentative0.48 LBasisinscribed-container-estimate; medium confidenceheqatEgyptianEgypt · Old and Middle Kingdom representativeEgyptian heqatSource: UCL Digital Egypt volume measuresRepresentative4.8 LBasisten-hin-system; medium confidencemLAustralian trade measureAustralia · Current NMI-approved capacityAustralian spirit measure (15 mL)Source: Australian National Measurement InstituteRepresentative0.015 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLAustralian trade measureAustralia · Current NMI-approved capacityAustralian spirit nip (30 mL)Source: Australian National Measurement InstituteRepresentative0.03 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLAustralian trade measureAustralia · Current NMI-approved capacityAustralian spirit measure (60 mL)Source: Australian National Measurement InstituteRepresentative0.06 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLAustralian serving guideAustralia · Current standard-drink guide servingAustralian standard wine glass (100 mL)Source: Queensland Health alcohol guideRepresentative0.1 LBasispublished-serving-volume; exact confidencemLUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK still-wine glass (125 mL)Source: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.125 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLAustralian serving guideAustralia · Current representative restaurant servingAustralian restaurant wine glass (150 mL)Source: Queensland Health alcohol guideRepresentative0.15 LBasispublished-serving-volume; exact confidencemLUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK still-wine glass (175 mL)Source: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.175 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK spirit measure (25 mL)Source: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.025 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK spirit measure (35 mL)Source: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.035 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK fortified-wine measure (50 mL)Source: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.05 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK fortified-wine measure (70 mL)Source: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.07 LBasisdefined-serving-volume; exact confidencemLAustralian serving guideAustralia; name varies by state · Current common marked servingAustralian pot or middy (285 mL)Source: Queensland Health alcohol guideRepresentative0.285 LBasispublished-serving-volume; exact confidencemLAustralian serving guideAustralia · Current common packaged servingAustralian stubby or can (375 mL)Source: Queensland Health alcohol guideRepresentative0.375 LBasispublished-serving-volume; exact confidencemLAustralian serving guideAustralia; name varies by state · Current common marked servingAustralian schooner (425 mL)Source: Queensland Health alcohol guideRepresentative0.425 LBasispublished-serving-volume; exact confidence⅓ ptUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK draught beer, one-third pintSource: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.1894204167 LBasisone-third-imperial-pint; exact confidence½ ptUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK draught beer, half pintSource: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.284130625 LBasishalf-imperial-pint; exact confidence⅔ ptUK trade measureUnited Kingdom · Current specified quantityUK draught beer, two-thirds pintSource: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.3788408333 LBasistwo-thirds-imperial-pint; exact confidenceimp ptModern imperialUnited Kingdom and legacy use · Weights and Measures Act 1985imperial pintSource: UK Weights and Measures Act 1985Representative0.56826125 LBasisone-eighth-imperial-gallon; exact confidenceUS ptModern US customaryUnited States · Current international-inch definitionUS liquid pintSource: NIST Handbook 44 Appendix CRepresentative0.473176473 LBasisone-eighth-us-liquid-gallon; exact confidencemLModern packaged alcoholInternational · Current common and specified package sizestandard wine bottle (750 mL)Source: GOV.UK specified alcohol quantitiesRepresentative0.75 LBasisdefined-package-volume; exact confidencepinBritish beer caskUnited Kingdom · Nineteenth to early twentieth-century trade standardBritish beer pin (4.5 imperial gallons)Source: US Government historical British cask tableRepresentative20.457405 LBasishistorical-imperial-gallon-count; high confidencefirkinBritish beer caskUnited Kingdom · Nineteenth to early twentieth-century trade standardBritish beer firkin (9 imperial gallons)Source: US Government historical British cask tableRepresentative40.91481 LBasishistorical-imperial-gallon-count; high confidencekilderkinBritish beer caskUnited Kingdom · Nineteenth to early twentieth-century trade standardBritish beer kilderkin (18 imperial gallons)Source: US Government historical British cask tableRepresentative81.82962 LBasishistorical-imperial-gallon-count; high confidencebblBritish beer caskUnited Kingdom · Nineteenth to early twentieth-century trade standardBritish beer barrel (36 imperial gallons)Source: US Government historical British cask tableRepresentative163.65924 LBasishistorical-imperial-gallon-count; high confidencehhdBritish beer caskUnited Kingdom · Nineteenth to early twentieth-century trade standardBritish beer hogshead (54 imperial gallons)Source: US Government historical British cask tableRepresentative245.48886 LBasishistorical-imperial-gallon-count; high confidenceUS bblUS brewing measureUnited States · Current federal brewing measureUS beer barrel (31 US gallons)Source: US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade BureauRepresentative117.3477653 LBasisthirty-one-us-liquid-gallons; exact confidencerundletEnglish wine caskEngland · Historical statutory trade capacityEnglish wine rundlet (18 wine gallons)Source: US Government historical measure tableRepresentative68.13741211 LBasishistorical-wine-gallon-count; high confidencewine bblEnglish wine caskEngland · Historical statutory trade capacityEnglish wine barrel (31.5 wine gallons)Source: US Government historical measure tableRepresentative119.2404712 LBasishistorical-wine-gallon-count; high confidencetierceEnglish wine caskEngland · Historical statutory trade capacityEnglish wine tierce (42 wine gallons)Source: US Government historical measure tableRepresentative158.9872949 LBasishistorical-wine-gallon-count; high confidencehhdEnglish wine caskEngland · Historical statutory trade capacityEnglish wine hogshead (63 wine gallons)Source: US Government historical measure tableRepresentative238.4809424 LBasishistorical-wine-gallon-count; high confidencepuncheonEnglish wine caskEngland · Historical statutory trade capacityEnglish wine puncheon (84 wine gallons)Source: US Government historical measure tableRepresentative317.9745899 LBasishistorical-wine-gallon-count; high confidencebuttEnglish wine caskEngland · Historical statutory trade capacityEnglish wine butt or pipe (126 wine gallons)Source: US Government historical measure tableRepresentative476.9618848 LBasishistorical-wine-gallon-count; high confidencetunEnglish wine caskEngland · Historical statutory trade capacityEnglish wine tun (252 wine gallons)Source: US Government historical measure tableRepresentative953.9237696 LBasishistorical-wine-gallon-count; high confidencecyath.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman cyathusSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative0.0455 LBasisone-twelfth-sextarius; high confidencequart.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman quartariusSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative0.1365 LBasisone-quarter-sextarius; high confidenceheminaRomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman heminaSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative0.273 LBasisone-half-sextarius; high confidencesext.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman sextariusSource: Journal of Roman ArchaeologyRepresentative0.546 LBasistextual-and-metrological-reconstruction; high confidencecong.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman congiusSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative3.276 LBasissix-sextarii-relationship; high confidenceurnaRomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman urnaSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative13.104 LBasisone-half-amphora; high confidenceamph.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman amphora (quadrantal)Source: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative26.208 LBasisforty-eight-sextarii-relationship; high confidenceculleusRomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman culleusSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative524.16 LBasistwenty-amphorae-relationship; high confidencekotyleGreekAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic kotyleSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative0.273 LBasishalf-sextarius-equivalence; medium confidencechousGreekAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic chousSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative3.276 LBasistwelve-kotylai-relationship; medium confidencemetretesGreekAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic metretesSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative39.312 LBasistwelve-choes-relationship; medium confidenceroEgyptianEgypt · Old and Middle Kingdom representativeEgyptian roSource: UCL Digital Egypt, volumeRepresentative0.015 LBasisone-320th-heqat; medium confidencedjaEgyptianEgypt · Old and Middle Kingdom representativeEgyptian djaSource: UCL Digital Egypt, volumeRepresentative0.3 LBasisone-sixteenth-heqat; medium confidence2 heqatEgyptianEgypt · Middle Kingdom representativeEgyptian double heqatSource: UCL Digital Egypt, volumeRepresentative9.6 LBasistwo-heqat; medium confidenceoipeEgyptianEgypt · New Kingdom representativeEgyptian oipeSource: UCL Digital Egypt, volumeRepresentative19.2 LBasisfour-heqat; medium confidencekharEgyptianEgypt · Middle Kingdom representativeEgyptian khar (Middle Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, volumeRepresentative96 LBasistwenty-heqat; medium confidencekharEgyptianEgypt · New Kingdom representativeEgyptian khar (New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, volumeRepresentative76.8 LBasissixteen-heqat; medium confidencecubit³EgyptianEgypt · Pharaonic representativeEgyptian cubic cubitSource: UCL Digital Egypt, volumeRepresentative144 LBasisthirty-heqat; medium confidence
Area converter · 21 units
Area units
Land and square measures with Old, Middle, and New Kingdom Egyptian distinctions, plus Roman, Greek, metric, and imperial systems.
m²Modern metricInternational · SI derived unitsquare metreSource: NIST Handbook 44 Appendix CRepresentative1 m²Basisdefined; exact confidencehaModern metricInternational · SI accepted unithectareSource: NIST Handbook 44 Appendix CRepresentative10000 m²Basisdefined; exact confidencekm²Modern metricInternational · SI derived unitsquare kilometreSource: NIST Handbook 44 Appendix CRepresentative1000000 m²Basisdefined; exact confidenceft²Modern imperialInternational · International foot definitionsquare footSource: NIST Handbook 44 Appendix CRepresentative0.09290304 m²Basisdefined; exact confidenceacreModern imperialInternational · International measureacreSource: NIST Handbook 44 Appendix CRepresentative4046.856422 m²Basisdefined; exact confidencetaEgyptianEgypt · Old Kingdom representativeEgyptian land-unit (ta)Source: UCL Digital Egypt area measuresRepresentative27.65 m²Basisten-by-ten-cubits; medium confidencekhaEgyptianEgypt · Old Kingdom representativeEgyptian thousand (kha)Source: UCL Digital Egypt area measuresRepresentative275.65 m²Basisten-by-one-hundred-cubits; medium confidencesetjatEgyptianEgypt · Old Kingdom representativeEgyptian setjat (aroura)Source: UCL Digital Egypt area measuresRepresentative2756.5 m²Basisone-hundred-by-one-hundred-cubits; medium confidencepes²RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativesquare Roman pesSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative0.087616 m²Basisderived-from-representative-pes; high confidencescrip.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman scripulumSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative8.7616 m²Basisone-hundred-square-pedes; high confidenceactus²RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman actus quadratusSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative1261.6704 m²Basisone-hundred-forty-four-square-rods; high confidenceiug.RomanRoman world · Late Republic to Imperial representativeRoman iugerumSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative2523.3408 m²Basistwo-actus-quadrati; high confidencepous²GreekAthens · Classical Attic representativesquare Attic pousSource: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative0.08743849 m²Basisderived-from-representative-attic-pous; medium confidenceplethronGreekAthens · Classical Attic representativeAttic plethron (land square)Source: Smith Dictionary MensuraRepresentative874.3849 m²Basisten-thousand-square-podes; medium confidencesaEgyptianEgypt · Old Kingdom representativeEgyptian sa (Old Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, areaRepresentative3.4456 m²Basisone-eighth-cubit-strip; medium confidencehesebEgyptianEgypt · Old Kingdom representativeEgyptian heseb (Old Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, areaRepresentative6.8913 m²Basisone-quarter-cubit-strip; medium confidenceremenEgyptianEgypt · Old Kingdom representativeEgyptian remen area (Old Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, areaRepresentative13.783 m²Basisone-half-cubit-strip; medium confidencesaEgyptianEgypt · Middle and New Kingdom representativeEgyptian sa (Middle and New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, areaRepresentative344.56 m²Basisone-eighth-setjat; medium confidencehesebEgyptianEgypt · Middle and New Kingdom representativeEgyptian heseb (Middle and New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, areaRepresentative689.13 m²Basisone-quarter-setjat; medium confidenceremenEgyptianEgypt · Middle and New Kingdom representativeEgyptian remen area (Middle and New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, areaRepresentative1378.25 m²Basisone-half-setjat; medium confidencekhaEgyptianEgypt · Middle and New Kingdom representativeEgyptian kha (Middle and New Kingdom)Source: UCL Digital Egypt, areaRepresentative27565 m²Basisten-setjat; medium confidence
Further unit references
Egyptian khar · centimetre · millimetre · metre · inch · international foot · yard · mile